Lesson 35: Keeping the internal environment in the body constant

Hi,

The keeping of internal environment in the body constant is of utmost importance. Upset of this fine balance would lead to major physiological changes which could lead to multiple organ failure and death.

This set of powerpoint is wholesome. It covers everything that we need to learn for the exams. Check out the following concepts in the slides:

• definition of homoeostasis
  
• control of water potential, sugar conc in blood, temperature of body, urea conc in blood
• structure and labels of urinary system
• quiz on urinary system
• kidney structure
• nephron structure, its functions and processes that occur in filtering the blood
• kidney dialyis machine and how it mimic the kidney functions
• ADH, its functions and processes involved in controlling the volume and conc of blood
• skin sturcture, labellling, its fucntions as sense organ and temperature control
• how raising the hair, shivering, blood supply to skin and sweating are related to temperature control
  

Unit 6 Human Homeostasis

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Lesson 34: Excercise and how it affects gaseous exchanges

Hi,

Everyone know that exercise increases the heart rate and the breathing rate among other changes. Find out how and why these changes occur.

With the aid of this set of powerpoint slides you will revise the following concepts:

• structure of the respiratory system, its labelling
• alveolus and its structure
• gaseous exchanges at the alveolar surface
• scanning electron micrograph of the cilia cells, the goblet cells of the trachea and bronchi
  
• pulse rate and heart rate
• heart structure and heart cycles/cardiac cycles
  
• blood pressure changes

Gaseous Exchange And Exercise

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Lesson 33: Gaseous exchange at the lungs

Hi,

These cheerful Powerpoint slides are more suitable for the Pure Biology students. It deals with details of how oxygen and carbon dioxide travel in the blood.

The details of how carbon dioxide enters the red blood cell and form carbonic acid which later dissociates to form hydrogen ions and bicarbonate ions. The bicarbonate ion then diffuses back into the plasma and travels to the lungs and then enter back into the rbc. This reaction occurs in the reverse order to form carbon dioxide which then diffuses into the alveoli. This concept is well explained with large diagrams.

Gas Exchange (Further Human Physiology)

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Lesson 32: Kidney-an excretory organ

This is not in the syllabus for the Science Biology students but you are welcome to go beyond that. Of course the Pure Biology students know that Kidney and its excretory functions are an important part of their syllabus.
This set of powerpoints slides are very good in enhancing your understanding of this topic. It covers details of the following:

• definition of the term excretion
• urinary system, annotated diagram
  
• kidney, L.S., annotated diagram
  
• nephron, annotated diagram
• step by step, urine formation, annotated
• quiz
  

The Kidney

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Lesson 31: Circulatory and Respiratory systems

Hi,

This set of powerpoint slides covers two chapters. They slides are clear and useful in understanding difficult concepts such as how skeletal muscles move blood upwards (against gravity) in the vein.

Here is a list of salient points to look out for in this lesson:

• parts of the circulatory system
• heart structure and the path of blood flow within it
• how the heart functions as a double pump
• functions of the systemic and pulmonary circulations
• how the kidney is involved in regulating the volume of blood and blood pressure
• the components of blood and their functions
• definition of respiration
• cellular respiration and breathing/gaseous exchange between lungs and the environment
• parts of the human respiratory system
• breathing mechanism
• components of cigarette smoke and the harmful effects of these components

Lymphatic system and its functions are not in our syllabus.

Functions of the brain in regulating the breathing rate is also taken out of our syllabus. However, the effect of increased carbon dioxide concentration in blood triggering increase in breathing rate is very much in our syllabus.

Chapter 37 lecture- Circulatory & respiratory

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Lesson 28: Homeostasis - maintaining a constant internal environment

Hi,
This is an important part of the pure biology syllabus.

This set of slides cover the following points to remember for exams:

• definition of homoeostasis
  
• water, salt, blood sugar, body temperature, controls
• kidney, skin involvement in homoeostasis
  
• urinary system, labels, annotations
• kidney, labels, annotations
• nephron labels, annotations
  
• nephron, in detail, how it works
• glomerulus, convoluted tubules, loop of Henle, collecting ducts
  
• kidney dialysis in detail
• anti diuretic hormone, how it controls volume of urine and blood pressure
• skin, labels, annotations
• responses to temperature
  
• vaso dilation, constrictions, hair erector muscles, sweat glands involvement in homoeostasis
  
• quiz, short questions
  

Unit 6 Human Homeostasis

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Lesson 27: Sense organs

Hi,

More on the nervous system and the eye. Please remember that only the eye and skin are in the syllabus now. The other sense organs are still very interesting, but they will not be tested in the exams.

This set of slides contain the following:

• sense organs eye and skin, and nervous system and reflex actions
• stimulus, receptor, coordination, effector, response sequences
• nerve cell, labels, annotation
• how synapse works
• pupil reflex, blink reflex, cough reflex
• labels in reflex actions, annotated diagram
  
• eye, labels, annotations
• compare eye with camera in its functions
• short and long-sightedness
  
• short questions
  

Remember not to dwell too much on the ear, tongue, nose, other parts which will not be tested in your examinations.

Unit 5 Nervous System And The Senses

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Lesson 26: Coronary heart disease and heart attacks

Hi,

Coronary heart disease may lead to heart attacks. Find out how.
The powerpoint slides explain the following:

• coronary heart disease is caused by fatty deposits or plaque in coronary arteries
• causes of coronary heart disease
• how blot clot occurs in coronary arteries
• atherosclerosis, plague narrowing of arteries in body
• ballooning technique
• vascular stent
• coronary artery bypass, vein grafts from aorta to the coronary artery

Coronary Artery Disease (CAD)

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Lesson 25: Circulatory system and blood (2)

Hi,

The following set of powerpoint slide cover theses concepts:

• components of circulatory system, blood cells, vessels, heart
• components of blood, cells, plasma, volume of blood
• red blood cells, functions, shape and adaptation
  
• white blood cells, functions, types
• platelets, functions
• arteries, veins and capillaries, descriptions and functions
  
• features of heart, valves
• cardiac cycle, annotated
• aerobic respiration in mitochondria
  
• anaerobic respiration, producing lactic acid and oxygen debt
• atherosclerosis
  
• sickle cell anaemia and its problems
• immune responses of body
• phagocytosis
• antibodies and how they work
• short questions/quiz
  

Unit 2 The Circulatory System

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Lesson 24: Circulatory system and blood

Hi,

This set of 29 slides is by far the best I have seen. they are simple, colourful, vivid and concise.
They cover the following relevant aspects of our syllabus:

• components of blood, a liquid tissue
• red blood cell, adaptations and functions
• types of white blood cell, adaptations and functions
• platelets, functions
  
• quiz and cloze passage
• vivid diagrams of the circulatory system
• heart cycle
• arteries, annotated
• veins, annotated
• capillaries, annotated
  
• contents of plasma

I hope this will help in your revision of this important topic for all classes taking biology with me.

Circulatory System & Blood

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Lesson 23: Dissection of sheep's heart

Hi,

You may still remember our sheep's heart dissection. here are slides that may help recall our lesson and more. Recall the following concept when viewing these 38 slides:

• blood circulation in body
• blood flow through the 4 chambers of the heart
• sheep's heart cut open,showing relative thicknesses of the atria, left ventricle and right ventricle, aorta, vena cava and pulmonary arteries and veins
  
• diastole and systole, Wigglers diagram
• cardiac cycle, about 0.7 sec, showing pressure changes in aorta, left atrium and left ventricle
• large, diagram to show aorta and its supply to all organs of the body
• pulmonary artery and how it supplies the alveoli
• detailed annotated diagrams of arteries, veins and capillaries
• some X-ray pictures to show path of blood in major blood vessels

(Mitral valve is the old name for bicuspid valves that you find in your textbooks.)

Sheep Heart Dissection

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Lesson 22: Nervous system and reflex actions

Hi,

This topic is quite difficult for most students. I hope these Powerpoint slides will be of help.
Coverage includes:

• details of neuron, detailed explanation of its parts and how it functions
• spinal cord being a link between the brain and the other parts of the body
• reflexes being processed at the spinal cord
  
• definition of reflex action
• eye, its labels, processes involved in sight
• quiz
  

Please ignore the following parts that will not be tested in your exams as they are no more in your syllabus: sodium-potassium pump, details of brain and how it works, details of synapse, ear and tongue.

Chapter 35 lecture- Nervous System

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Lesson 21: Endocrine and reproductive systems

Hi,

This rather large file consists of 158 slides, contain many interesting parts which may not be important for your exams, but interesting enough to learn more about your physical growth and development.

The parts that are examinable are the following:

• functions of endocrine system
• hormones, co-ordination
• definition of hormone
• exo and endocrine systems
• hormones that you need to know, insulin, glucagon, adrenaline, oestrogen, progesterone, testosterone, anti diuretic hormone
• pituitary gland, master endocrine gland all other endocrine glands
• pancreas is both endo and exocrine gland
• male reproductive system, structure and labels, hormone production
  
• female reproductive system, structure and labels, hormones produced
  
• menstrual cycle, how it is controlled by the hormones produced by the ovaries
• STDs
• process of fertilisation
• development of zygote over the first 6 days into embryo and implantation
• functions of amnion
• development of placenta, organ for respiration, nourishment and excretion of foetus
• quiz

You need not bother to remember facts about all other hormones not listed above and details of embryo development after implantation. The rest are relevant in your exams.

Enjoy the Powerpoint slides and clear some doubts that you may have on this topic.

Chapter 39 Lecture- Endocrine & Reproductive Systems

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