Lesson 38: Digestive and excretory systems

Hi,

Hopefully these Powerpoint slides will go some way in helping you in your revision.

The large ppt covers:

• classes of food and their functions

• balanced diet

• parts of the digestive system, their digestive enzymes, peristalsis

• absorption and villi structure

• excretion, structure and function of the urinary system

• nephron system and production of urine

• water and salt balance

• dialysis machine

• short quiz

Chapter 38- Digestive & Excretory Systems

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Lesson 33: Gaseous exchange at the lungs

Hi,

These cheerful Powerpoint slides are more suitable for the Pure Biology students. It deals with details of how oxygen and carbon dioxide travel in the blood.

The details of how carbon dioxide enters the red blood cell and form carbonic acid which later dissociates to form hydrogen ions and bicarbonate ions. The bicarbonate ion then diffuses back into the plasma and travels to the lungs and then enter back into the rbc. This reaction occurs in the reverse order to form carbon dioxide which then diffuses into the alveoli. This concept is well explained with large diagrams.

Gas Exchange (Further Human Physiology)

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Lesson 30: Biological catalysts-enzymes

Hi,

These Powerpoint slides make learning key concepts easy.
The coverage includes the following:

• definition of catalyst
• definition of enzyme
• what is active site
• lock and key hypothesis
• synthesis and hydrolysis type of enzyme reactions
• what is denaturing of enzyme

Cells And Enzymes

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Lesson 29: Organic molecules are produced by plants and animals

Hi,

This set of powerpoint slides cover more on organic molecules in organisms.

• the polar nature of water molecule giving rise to many uses and properties in organisms
• high heat capacity, high latent heat of vaporisation, solubility, capillary action and transpiration pull in xylem vessels
• magnesium ions in plants for making chlorophyll
  
• nitrate ions in plants for making amino acids from glucose
• uses of carbohydrates, mono-, di- and polysaccharides
  
• uses of lipids in body and their structures
  
• uses of proteins in body and their structures

The detailed chemical structures of the many types of carbohydrates, fats and proteins are not in the syllabus.

Chapter 3 Biological Molecules

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Lesson 28: Homeostasis - maintaining a constant internal environment

Hi,
This is an important part of the pure biology syllabus.

This set of slides cover the following points to remember for exams:

• definition of homoeostasis
  
• water, salt, blood sugar, body temperature, controls
• kidney, skin involvement in homoeostasis
  
• urinary system, labels, annotations
• kidney, labels, annotations
• nephron labels, annotations
  
• nephron, in detail, how it works
• glomerulus, convoluted tubules, loop of Henle, collecting ducts
  
• kidney dialysis in detail
• anti diuretic hormone, how it controls volume of urine and blood pressure
• skin, labels, annotations
• responses to temperature
  
• vaso dilation, constrictions, hair erector muscles, sweat glands involvement in homoeostasis
  
• quiz, short questions
  

Unit 6 Human Homeostasis

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Lesson 27: Sense organs

Hi,

More on the nervous system and the eye. Please remember that only the eye and skin are in the syllabus now. The other sense organs are still very interesting, but they will not be tested in the exams.

This set of slides contain the following:

• sense organs eye and skin, and nervous system and reflex actions
• stimulus, receptor, coordination, effector, response sequences
• nerve cell, labels, annotation
• how synapse works
• pupil reflex, blink reflex, cough reflex
• labels in reflex actions, annotated diagram
  
• eye, labels, annotations
• compare eye with camera in its functions
• short and long-sightedness
  
• short questions
  

Remember not to dwell too much on the ear, tongue, nose, other parts which will not be tested in your examinations.

Unit 5 Nervous System And The Senses

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Lesson 26: Coronary heart disease and heart attacks

Hi,

Coronary heart disease may lead to heart attacks. Find out how.
The powerpoint slides explain the following:

• coronary heart disease is caused by fatty deposits or plaque in coronary arteries
• causes of coronary heart disease
• how blot clot occurs in coronary arteries
• atherosclerosis, plague narrowing of arteries in body
• ballooning technique
• vascular stent
• coronary artery bypass, vein grafts from aorta to the coronary artery

Coronary Artery Disease (CAD)

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Lesson 25: Circulatory system and blood (2)

Hi,

The following set of powerpoint slide cover theses concepts:

• components of circulatory system, blood cells, vessels, heart
• components of blood, cells, plasma, volume of blood
• red blood cells, functions, shape and adaptation
  
• white blood cells, functions, types
• platelets, functions
• arteries, veins and capillaries, descriptions and functions
  
• features of heart, valves
• cardiac cycle, annotated
• aerobic respiration in mitochondria
  
• anaerobic respiration, producing lactic acid and oxygen debt
• atherosclerosis
  
• sickle cell anaemia and its problems
• immune responses of body
• phagocytosis
• antibodies and how they work
• short questions/quiz
  

Unit 2 The Circulatory System

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Lesson 24: Circulatory system and blood

Hi,

This set of 29 slides is by far the best I have seen. they are simple, colourful, vivid and concise.
They cover the following relevant aspects of our syllabus:

• components of blood, a liquid tissue
• red blood cell, adaptations and functions
• types of white blood cell, adaptations and functions
• platelets, functions
  
• quiz and cloze passage
• vivid diagrams of the circulatory system
• heart cycle
• arteries, annotated
• veins, annotated
• capillaries, annotated
  
• contents of plasma

I hope this will help in your revision of this important topic for all classes taking biology with me.

Circulatory System & Blood

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Lesson 23: Dissection of sheep's heart

Hi,

You may still remember our sheep's heart dissection. here are slides that may help recall our lesson and more. Recall the following concept when viewing these 38 slides:

• blood circulation in body
• blood flow through the 4 chambers of the heart
• sheep's heart cut open,showing relative thicknesses of the atria, left ventricle and right ventricle, aorta, vena cava and pulmonary arteries and veins
  
• diastole and systole, Wigglers diagram
• cardiac cycle, about 0.7 sec, showing pressure changes in aorta, left atrium and left ventricle
• large, diagram to show aorta and its supply to all organs of the body
• pulmonary artery and how it supplies the alveoli
• detailed annotated diagrams of arteries, veins and capillaries
• some X-ray pictures to show path of blood in major blood vessels

(Mitral valve is the old name for bicuspid valves that you find in your textbooks.)

Sheep Heart Dissection

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Lesson 22: Nervous system and reflex actions

Hi,

This topic is quite difficult for most students. I hope these Powerpoint slides will be of help.
Coverage includes:

• details of neuron, detailed explanation of its parts and how it functions
• spinal cord being a link between the brain and the other parts of the body
• reflexes being processed at the spinal cord
  
• definition of reflex action
• eye, its labels, processes involved in sight
• quiz
  

Please ignore the following parts that will not be tested in your exams as they are no more in your syllabus: sodium-potassium pump, details of brain and how it works, details of synapse, ear and tongue.

Chapter 35 lecture- Nervous System

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Lesson 21: Endocrine and reproductive systems

Hi,

This rather large file consists of 158 slides, contain many interesting parts which may not be important for your exams, but interesting enough to learn more about your physical growth and development.

The parts that are examinable are the following:

• functions of endocrine system
• hormones, co-ordination
• definition of hormone
• exo and endocrine systems
• hormones that you need to know, insulin, glucagon, adrenaline, oestrogen, progesterone, testosterone, anti diuretic hormone
• pituitary gland, master endocrine gland all other endocrine glands
• pancreas is both endo and exocrine gland
• male reproductive system, structure and labels, hormone production
  
• female reproductive system, structure and labels, hormones produced
  
• menstrual cycle, how it is controlled by the hormones produced by the ovaries
• STDs
• process of fertilisation
• development of zygote over the first 6 days into embryo and implantation
• functions of amnion
• development of placenta, organ for respiration, nourishment and excretion of foetus
• quiz

You need not bother to remember facts about all other hormones not listed above and details of embryo development after implantation. The rest are relevant in your exams.

Enjoy the Powerpoint slides and clear some doubts that you may have on this topic.

Chapter 39 Lecture- Endocrine & Reproductive Systems

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Lesson 20: Cells reproducing themselves-mitosis and meiosis

Hi,

This set of 43 slides are very good in explaining the 2 types of cell division. The following points are precisely and concisely explained:

• all cells of the body are not the same, importance of cell specialisation
• copies of cells are made for growth, repair, reproduction etc
• mitosis occurs almost everywhere, 2 identical daughter cells are produced
• meiosis occurs in gonads only, 4 non-identical daughter cells are produced
• mitosis for growth and repair, almost all body cells produced in this way
• meiosis for sexual reproduction, occurs for reproductive purpose
• photomicrograph and line diagrams of different stages of mitosis
• photomicrograph and line diagrams of different stages of meiosis
• interphase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase
• differences between mitosis and meiosis,
  
• importance of meiosis is sexual reproduction
• comparing ageing process with cancer formation
  

Biology Cellular Reproduction 1196898661945653 5

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Lesson 19: White blood cells and other defence systems

Hi,
Here are 16 slides to help you along in your revision of immunity and defence. Revise the following concepts covered in these slides:

• passive immunity- skin, mucus and cilia in trachea and bronchi, hydrochloric acid in stomach,enzymes in tears
• active immunity-white blood cells
  
• phagocytes or macrophages and how they defend the body
• lymphocytes and how they defend the body
• antibodies, antitoxins
• vaccination and how to teach lymphocytes to recognise and kill pathogens
  
• antibiotics and how they kill bacteria
  

Defending Against Infection

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Lesson 18: Specialised cells

Hi,
More colourful slides for your learning experience.
The 12 slides are very useful in learning the following concepts:

• shape and size of specialised cells are related to their adaptation for their functions
• guard cell, unevenly thickened wall, to open and close the stoma
• long finger-like shape to increase surface area to volume ratio in root hair cell
• hollow cell with thick lignified walls in xylem to conduct water upwards
• ciliated lining cell in trachea to waft dust and germs upwards the air passages
• long tail and plenty of mitochondria in sperm cell to swim
• plenty of yolk and large in egg to store nutrients for growth
• ability to move about in tissue fluid and ingest bacteria in phagocyte
• ability to contract and relax thus change length in muscle cell
• biconcave disc shape with haemoglobin in red blood cell to absorb and transport oxygen
  
• long, myelinated axon in nerve cell to transmit nerve impulses over long distances
• cell, tissues, organs, systems, organism-order of complexity
  

Specialised Cells

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Lesson 17: Proteins, fats, carbohydrates,water & nucleic acids

Hi,

This powerpoint slides show beautiful models of organic molecules. I am sure it will enhance your learning experience.

Revise the following concepts covered by this set of slides:

• lipids- structural formulae, functions
• water-polar molecule, functions in organism due to its high solubility, heat capacity, high latent heat of vaporisation, capillarity, surface tension
• carbohydrates-mono-, di- and polysaccharides
  
• condensation of monosaccharides to form the larger di- and polysaccharides
• starch, glycogen, cellulose
• protein-condensation of amino acids to form polypeptides
  
• functions of proteins
• nucleic acids and DNA
• nucleotide-phosphate, pentose and base
• cytosine, thymine, adenine and guanine
• DNA replication, triplet code in genetic codes
• protein synthesis- mRNA formation in nucleus
• mRNA in cytoplasm attaching to ribosome
• tRNA and formation of amino acids

Biological Molecules

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Lesson 15: Energy flows

Hi,

These slides cover an important part of express classes' syllabus. The coverage includes:

• flow of energy and minerals through the environment
• producers carry out photosynthesis to convert light energy into chemical energy
• glucose is sunlight energy in the form of a molecule
• primary consumers in a food chain, examples
• secondary consumers in a food chain, examples
  
• biomass, respiration, wastes
• energy efficiencies of consumers
• trophic levels
• decomposers, examples, functions in recycling minerals
• examples of food webs -marine, woodlands
• loss of biomass in food chains due to respiration and wastes
• pyramid of biomass
• pyramid of energy
• pyramid of numbers
• pesticides, toxic chemicals, bio-accumulations
  
• predator-prey cycles
• carbon cycle
• carbon dioxide and greenhouse effect
• effects of global warming
• very good short questions on topic
  

Unit 11 Flow Of Energy And Elements Through The Environment

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Lesson 7: Organelles in cells

Hi,

You may want to view these Powerpoint slides before attempting the worksheet on this topic.
the coverage includes the following:

• onion and cheek cells
• cell organelles
  
• cell membrane-covers cell allow materials in or out of cell
  
• cell wall-covers plant cell, for support and strength
  
• cytoplasm-houses all cell organelles
  
• golgi body-processes materials and packages them for transport
  
• mitochondria-site where ATP, energy, is released during cellular respiration
  
• nucleus-contain chromosomes/DNA, controls all cell activities, involved in cell division
  
• endoplasmic reticulum-packages the proteins from ribosomes
  
• chloroplast-make glucose/food using sunlight energy
  
• vacuole-stores water, wastes and nutrients
  
• ribosome-site where protein is made
  
• centrioles- involved in cell division
  

Cell Organelle Review

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